Repetition - students must reread a text repeatedly until it is fluid Following are six instructional principles of effective teaching for fluency and examples of each below. It is a teaching myth that fluency is just "how fast a reader can read." There are ways to help readers achieve fluency in all areas listed above. Fluency is described in Balanced Reading Strategies and Practices as:Ģ) appropriate use of pitch, juncture, and stress (prosody) in one's voiceģ) appropriate text phrasing or "chunking" The following ideas help build vocabulary through the building of background knowledge (often referred to as schema).įluency-The ability to read with accuracy, and with appropriate rate, expression, and phrasing. The reading and writing vocabularies are expressive-how a child shows the knowledge of the vocabularies obtained. These are receptive-how a child receives and processes information. Our listening vocabulary is the largest, with speaking following. Every person has four vocabularies: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Vocabulary-The knowledge of words, their definitions, and context. Teaching vocabulary is essential for all learners, but especially for our English Language Learners. This is when students match letters to sounds and make words according to the sounds heard. Phonics-The relationship between written and spoken letters and sounds. Phonics is the relationship between letters and sounds and the method by which it is taught to beginning readers. (can - replace the /c/ with a /p/ what word did you make?) Phoneme substitution- model a word and then ask the students to replace the beginning sound with another sound to make a new word. Once the beginning deletion is mastered, you can try ending and medial sound deletions. Phoneme deletion- model a word and then ask the children to repeat the word but delete the beginning sound. Phoneme blending- model by slowly saying individual sounds of a word and then combining them to form the word. Phoneme segmentation- model by slowly saying a word emphasizing each of its sounds. Have children tell other words with the same beginning sound Same sound synthesis- read aloud a list of words beginning with the same sound. "Do they begin with the same sound or different sound?" Word pairs- read word pairs (sad-sod fin-win etc.) ask questions about the pairs. Listed below are suggestions to help develop phonemic awareness.
Phonemic awareness activities can be done with your eyes closed and is learned through listening and speaking. Not to be confused with phonics, phonemic awareness is defined as recognizing spoken words as a sequence of individual sounds. Phonemic Awareness- The knowledge and manipulation of sounds in spoken words.
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